English-Ido
A
a, an (no indefinite article)
abandon abandonar
able (capable) kapabla
able, be (to do something) povar
about (around) cirkum (prep.), -e (adv.)
about (concerning) pri
above super (prep.), -e (adv.)
abroad exterlande
absence absenteso
absent absenta
absolute absoluta
absorb absorbar (tr)
absurd absurda
accept aceptar
accident (mishap) acidento
accompany akompanar
according to segun
accuse akuzar
accustomed, be kustumar (intr.)
acknowledge agnoskar
across (the other side of) trans
act agar (tr./intr.), -o
act (a role) plear
active aktiva
actor aktoro
actual (real) reala, fakta
adapt adaptar (tr.); adaptar su
add (join) adjuntar
add (numbers) adicionar
additional (extra) plusa
address (on letter etc) adreso
adjacent apuda
adjective adjektivo
admire admirar
admit (acknowledge) agnoskar
admit (let in) admisar
adopt adoptar
adult adulta, -o
advance avancar (tr./intr.)
advantage avantajo
adventure aventuro
adverb adverbo
advertise reklamar
advise konsilar (ulo ad ulu)
aeroplane aeroplano
affable afabla
affair afero; evento; koncerno
afford povar pagar o donar
afraid of, be (apprehension) timar (tr.)
afraid, be (fear) pavorar (intr.)
afraid, be (regret) regretar (tr.)
Africa Afrika
after (behind) dop (prep.), -e (adv.), dop ke (conj.)
after (in time) pos (prep.), -e (adv.), pos ke (conj.)
afternoon posdimezo
afterwards pose, plu tarde
again ankore un foyo, ankorfoye
against kontre
age evo
ago ante nun
agree (be in agreement, be of the same opinion) konkordar (intr.)
agree (consent to something) konsentar (intr.)
agreeable agreabla, plezanta
ahead avane
ahead of avan
aim at (an object or target) vizar (tr./intr.), -o
aim (camera, gun, etc) apuntar
aim (purpose) skopo
air aero
airplane (US) aeroplano
alike simila
alive vivanta
all omna (adj.), omno (n.), omni (pron.)
allow (let) lasar
allow (permit) permisar
almost preske
alone sola, -e
along (alongside) alonge
alphabet alfabeto
already ja
also anke
alternative alternativa, -o
although quankam
always sempre
amateur amatoro
ambiguous ambigua
America Amerika
American (of America) Amerikana, -o
America (of the USA) usana, -o
among inter
amount (quantity) quanto
amuse amuzar
ancient antiqua, tre anciena
and ed, e
anger iraco, -igar
angle (n.) angulo
angry iracoza
angry, be iracar (kontre)
animal animalo
ankle maleolo
announce anuncar
annoy (bother) vexar
anorak anorako
another (person) altru
another (adj.) altra
answer (reply) respondar (ad), -o, -izar
answer (solution) solvo
ant formiko
anticipate anticipar
anxious about, be suciar (tr.)
any (at all) irga
any (some) ula
anybody irgu
anything (at all) irgo
anything (something) ulo
anywhere irgaloke
apart aparta, -e
apartment apartamento
apologise expresar regreto; exkuzar su
apparatus aparato
appear aparar
appear (look) aspektar
appear (seem) semblar
appearance (appearing) aparo
appearance (aspect) aspekto
applaud aplaudar
apple pomo
apply (put on) aplikar, -esar
apply (put to use) uzar, utiligar, (fig.) aplikar
approve aprobar
approximate (adj.) proxima
April aprilo
apt apta
Arab araba, -o
Arabia Arabia
area areo
argue (give reasons) argumentar (intr.)
argue (quarrel) disputar (intr.)
arise (get up) levar su, staceskar
arm (of body) brakio
around cirkum (prep.), -e (adv.)
arrange (make preparations for) aranjar
arrange (put into order) ordinar
arrive arivar
art arto
article (newspaper, grammar) artiklo
article (thing) kozo
as ... as tam ... kam (e.g., tam facila kam Ido)
as (being) kom (e.g., as an expert she knows = kom experto el savas)
as (in comparison) quale (e.g., granda quale baleno)
as (in the manner) quale (e.g., as you wish = quale vu deziras)
as (like) quale
as (since) nam
ashamed, be shamar
Asia Azia
ask for demandar
ask (question) questionar
asleep dormanta
asleep, fall dormeskar
assert (state as a fact) asertar
astonish astonar
at (the price of) po
at least adminime
at most admaxime
at (beside) apud
at (in) en
at (with) che (ulu)
attack atakar, -o
attain atingar
attempt (endeavour) esforcar
attempt (try out) probar, -o
attend (be at) asistar
attention to, pay atencar (tr.)
attract atraktar
August agosto
aunt onklino
Australia Australia
Austria Austria
author autoro
autumn autuno
avoid evitar
away fore
B
back (adverb) dope; retro
back (of body, hand, book, etc) dorso
bad mala
bag sako, -eto
bake bakar, -esar
ball bulo
ball (air-filled) baloneto, balono
ball-point pen bul-plumo
band (strip, stripe) bendo
bank (financial) banko
bank (of a river) rivo
bar (for drinking) drinkeyo
bar (the way) barar
base (n.) bazo
base (support one thing with another) apogar
basin baseno
bath (n.) balnuyo
bath(e) balnar (tr.)
bathroom balno-chambro
battery (elec., milit.) baterio
battle bataliar (intr.), -o
bay (of sea) bayo
be esar
be (well, ill, etc) standar (bone, male, ...)
beach plajo
bean fabo
bear (support) suportar
beard barbo
beat (defeat) vinkar
beat (hit) batar, -o
beautiful bela
beauty beleso
because pro ke
because of pro
become divenar
bed (for sleep) lito
bedroom dormo-chambro
beer biro
before (in front of) avan (prep.)
before (previous to) ante (prep.), -e (adv.), ante ke (conj.)
beg (beseech) pregar
begin komencar (tr./intr.)
beginning komenco
behave kondutar
behaviour konduto
behind dop
Belgian belga, -o
Belgium Belgia
believe kredar
bell klosho
belong apartenar
below sub (prep.), sube (adv.)
bench benko
beneath sub (prep.), -e (adv.)
bent (curved) kurva, -igita
berry bero
beside apud
besides (prep.) exter, ultre
best maxim bona, -e
betray trahizar
better plu bona, -e
between inter
beyond (on the other side of) trans
beyond (past) preter
bicycle biciklo, -agar
big granda
bill (invoice) fakturo
bind ligar
bird ucelo
birth (being born) nasko
birthday naskodio
biscuit bisquito
bit (piece) peco, peceto
bite mordar, -o
bitter bitra
black nigra
blame (condemn) blamar, -o
blame (fault) kulpo
blind (sightless) blinda, -o
block (material) bloko
blood sango
blow (be windy) ventar (intr.)
blow, blow upon suflar (tr./intr.)
blue blua
board (plank) planko, -izar
boat batelo
body korpo
boil boliar, -igar
bone osto
book libro
border bordo
bore (weary) tedar
born, be naskar
borrow pruntar
botch fushar (tr.)
both amba, -e
bother (annoy) vexar
bottle (n.) botelo
bottom (backside) sedo
bottom (lowest (of several levels)) infra
bottom (lowest part, e.g., of a vase or well) fundo
bottom (underside of an object) kulo
boulder roko
boundary limito
bow (bend) flexar, -o
bowl bolo
box (container) buxo
boy puerulo
brake freno, -agar
branch brancho
brave (adj.) brava
bread pano
break ruptar, -esar, -o
breakfast (n.) matin-repasto
breathe respirar (tr./intr.)
brick briko
bridge ponto
bright brilanta, lumeganta, lumoza
bring (ad)portar
bring forth produktar
bring up edukar
Britain Britania
British britaniana
broad larja
brother fratulo
brown bruna
brush (for brushing) brosilo
brush (v.) brosar
build konstruktar
bulky grosa
bungle fushar
burn brular (tr./intr.), -uro
bury enterigar
bus autobuso
business (commerce) komerco
business (firm) firmo
busy okupata
but ma
butter butro
button butono
buy komprar
by means of per
by (before) ante
by (by means of) per
by (done by) da
by (near) proxim
C
cabbage kaulo
cake kuko
calculate kalkular
call (ask to come) vokar
calm kalma
camera kamero
can (be able) povas
can (tin) buxeto metala
Canada Kanada
cancel efacar
capable kapabla
car automobilo
cardboard kartono
care about suciar (tr.)
care for (nurse) flegar
care of, take sorgar
care (attention) sorgo
care (concern) sucio
care (protection) protekto
careful sorgema
carriage (railway) vagono
carrot karoto
carry portar
case (container) buxo, kesto, kofro, (suffix) -uyo
case (instance) kazo
cash (coin) moneto
cat kato
catch (capture) kaptar
catch (seize) sizar
cattle bovi, bovaro
cause (of an event) kauzo
cause (v.) igar, efektigar
cautious prudenta, pre-sorgema
ceiling plafono
celebrate celebrar
centre centro
certain (a certain) certena
certain (sure) certa
certainly certe
chain kateno
chair stulo
chance (likelihood) chanco
chance (risk) risko
chance (unknown element) hazardo
change chanjar (tr./intr.), -o
change (in amount) variar (tr./intr.), -o
chapter (of a book) chapitro
character (quality) karaktero
charge (a price) demandar, postular (preco); preco postulata
charm charmar, -o
chase chasar, -o
cheap chipa
cheat (swindle) fraudar
check (test) kontrolar, -o
check (US) (bank's) cheko
cheese fromajo
chemise kamizo
cheque cheko
chest of drawers komodo
chief chefo, -a
chief (main) precipua
child (7 to 15 years old) puero
child (less than 7 years old) infanto
child (son or daughter) filio
chin mentono
China Chinia
choice (n.) selekto, -ajo; alternativo
choose selektar
church (building) kirko
circle cirklo
circular (round) ronda
circumstance cirkonstanco
city granda (od importanta) urbo
city (US) urbo
claim (assert) asertar
claim (lay claim to) pretendar
class (all senses) klaso
clean neta, -igar
clear (adj.) klara
clear (evident) evidenta
clench klemar
clever habila
climb klimar (tr./intr.), -o
clock horlojo
close to proxim
close (nearby) proxima, -e
close (v.) klozar, -esar
cloth (piece of) tuko
cloth (woven fabric) stofo
clothes vesti
cloud nubo
club (society) klubo
coast (shore) rivo (marala), mar-bordo
coat (covering) kovrajo
coat (overcoat) surtuto
coffee kafeo
coin moneto(peco)
coincide koincidar
cold (adj.) kolda
collect kolektar, -esar
color (US) koloro, -izar
colour koloro, -izar
combine kombinar, -esar
come venar
comfort (n.) komforto
comfortable komfortoza
comic (adj.) komika; komediala
comma komo
command imperar
comment on komentar (tr.)
commerce komerco
common (belonging to several) komuna
common (ordinary) ordinara
communicate komunikar
companion kompano
company (business or military) kompanio
compare komparar (tr.)
complain plendar
complaint plendo
complete kompleta, -igar
complicate komplikar
compose kompozar
concern (relate to) koncernar, -o
concerning (about) pri
concrete (building material) betono
condition (state) stando
condition (stipulation) stipulo
confuse (in one's mind) konfundar
confuse (someone) konfundigar
congratulate gratular
conjunction (in grammar or astronomy) konjunciono
connect konektar, -esar
conscience koncienco
consent konsentar
consider konsiderar
consist konsistar
constitute (compose) konstitucar
consult konsultar
consume (use up) konsumar
contact (be in touch) kontaktar (kun), -o
contain kontenar
content(ed) kontenta
content(s) kontenajo
continue durar (intr.), -igar
continuous kontinua
contrary kontrea, -ajo
control (regulate) regular, -o
converse konversar
convince konvinkar
cook koquar, -isto
cookie (US) bisquito
cool (adj.) koldeta
cool (v.) koldigar
copy (imitate) imitar
copy (make a copy of) kopiar, -uro
copy (specimen) exemplero
corner (n.) angulo
correct (right, proper) justa
correct (without error) korekta, -igar
correspond (all senses) korespondar
cost kustar, -o
costume kostumo
cottage dometo (rurala)
cotton kotono
count (add up) kontar (tr.)
country (land) lando
country (not town) ruro
courage kurajo
cousin kuzo
cover kovrar, -ilo
cow bovino
craft (trade) mestiero
crawl (creep) reptar
crazy (mad) fola
create krear
creep (crawl) reptar
cross (n.) kruco
crowd turbo
cruel kruela
crush (squeeze) aplastar (tr.)
cry (cry out) kriar, -o
cry (weep) plorar
cultivate (soil, mind etc) kultivar
cup taso
cupboard armoro
current (existing now) aktuala
curve kurvo, -eskar, -igar
curved (adj.) kurva
cushion kuseno
custom kustumo
customer kompranto, kliento
cut off (for)tranchar
cut through tranchar, -o
cut (make a cut in) sekar, -o
D
daily diala, -e, omnadia, -e
damage (harm in any way) nocar, -o
damage (physical) domajar, -o
dance dansar, -o
Dane dano
danger danjero
Danish dana
dare (be bold enough) audacar
dark (adj.) tenebroza
dark(ness) tenebro
dash (written) streko
date (calendar) dato
daughter filiino
day (24 hours) dio
day (daytime) jorno
day-dream revar, -o
dead mortinta; senviva
dear (beloved) kara
dear (costly) chera
death morto
debt (owing) debo
debt (thing owed) debajo
deceive trompar
December decembro
decide decidar (tr./intr.)
decrease diminutar (tr./intr.), -o
deep profunda
defeat (overcome) vinkar, -o
defend defensar
define definar
defy (challenge) defiar
degree (measure or academic) grado
deliver (goods, etc) livrar
demand postular, -o
demolish demolisar
demonstrate demonstrar
Denmark Dania
dense densa
depart departar (de)
department fako
depend dependar
derive derivar (tr.)
descend (go down) decensar (tr./intr.)
describe deskriptar
desert (wilderness) dezerto
deserve meritar
desire dezirar, -o
despite malgre
destroy destruktar
detail detalo
determine (fix) determinar
develop developar, -esar
die (v.) mortar
differ diferar
difficult desfacila
direct (control) direktar
direct (not indirect) direta
direction (control) direkto, -ado
direction (line) direciono
dirt (mud, mire) fango
dirty sordida
disappear desaparar
disappoint deceptar
discomfort jenar, -o
discover deskovrar
discuss diskutar
dish (container) plado
distance (measure) disto
distant fora
distract distraktar
distribute distributar
district distrikto
dive plunjar, -o
diverge divergar
divide dividar, -esar
do again (repeat) iterar
do not ne
do (act) agar (tr./intr.)
do (be well or ill) standar (e.g., Quale vu standas? = How are you?)
do (something) facar (tr.)
doctor (physician) mediko
dog hundo
door pordo
double duopla, -igar, -eskar
doubt dubitar (pri), -o
down (ad)infre (adv.), infre di (prep.)
draw (as with a pencil) desegnar
dream sonjar, -o
drink drinkar, -ajo
drive (incite) incitar
drive (travel in a vehicle) vehar, -igar
drop (fall) falar (intr.), -o, lasar falar (tr.)
drop (of liquid) guto
drown dronar (tr.), -esar
dry sika, -igar, -eskar
due to pro
during dum
dust polvo, -izar; senpolvigar
Dutch nederlandana
E
each (adj.) singla
each (pron.) singlu
ear orelo
early frua
earn ganar (per laboro, servo, konduto od ago)
earth tero
east esto, -ala
easy facila
eat manjar
edge (border) bordo
edit redaktar
educate edukar
effect efekto, -igar
effect (result) rezulto
effective efikiva
effort (exertion) esforco
egg ovo
Egypt Egiptia
eight ok
elastic elastika, -o
elect (by vote to a position) elektar
electric(al) elektrala
electricity elektro
elevate elevar
emphasize emfazar
employ (people) employar
empty vakua, -igar
enclose inkluzar
end fino (tr./intr.), -ar
endeavor (US) esforcar, -o
endeavour esforcar, -o
enemy enemiko
energy energio
engine mashino, motoro
engineer injenioro
England Anglia
English angla
enjoy juar
enough (after an adj.) sat (e.g., good enough = sat bona)
enough (before a noun) sat multa
enter enirar
entertain amuzar
enthusiasm entuziasmo
enthusiastic entuziasmoza
entire (whole) tota
entrance (place) enireyo
envelope (of a letter) kuverto
envy envidiar, -o
equal egala, -o, -esar
erase efacar
erode erodar (tr.)
escape eskapar (intr.), -o
esteem estimar
even (adv.) mem
evening vespero
every omna
everyone omnu
everything omno
everywhere omnube, omnaloke
exact exakta
exaggerate exajerar
examine (test someone) examenar
example exemplo
excavate exkavar
exceed ecesar
except eceptar, kun ecepto di
excess eceso, -ajo
exchange kambiar, -o
excite ecitar
excuse (oneself) exkuzar (su)
exist existar
expect expektar
expense spenso
expensive chera
experience experiencar, -o
expert experta, -o
explain explikar
explode explozar (intr.), -igar
explore explorar
express (by words or symbols) expresar
extend extensar (tr.)
extinguish extingar
extreme extrema
eye okulo
F
face (front of head) vizajo
fact fakto
factory fabrikerio
fail faliar (tr./intr.)
fair (just) yusta
fair (passable) pasabla
faithful fidela
fall falar, -o
fall down falar
fall (season) (US) autuno
false (fake) falsa
false (untrue) ne-vera
fame famo
familiar familiara
family familio
famous famoza
far (distant) distanta
farm (till land) kultivar (tero)
fast (quick) rapida, -e
fat (adj.) grosa
fat (n.) graso
father patro
faucet (US) robineto
fault (defect) defekto
fault (failing) kulpo
fault (mistake) eroro
favour favorar, -o
fear (by reason) timar, -o
fear (instinctive) pavorar, -o
feather plumo
February februaro
feed nutrar su, nutrar, -ajo
feel (a sensation) sentar
feel (by touching) palpar
female femina, -o; (suffix) -ino
fence (n.) fenco
ferocious feroca
fetch querar
few poka
field (ground) agro
fight kombatar, -o
find trovar, -ajo
finger (n.) fingro
finish finar (tr./intr.), -o
fire fairo
firm (adj.) ferma
firm (n.) firmo
first unesma, -e
fish (n.) fisho
fish (v.) peskar (tr./intr.)
fit (in a good state) en bona stando
fit (in size and shape) fitar (en, sur)
fit (suitable) konvenanta, apta
fit (suit) konvenar
five kin
fix (decide) decidar
fix (in place) fixigar
fixed fixa, ferma, stabila
flame flamo
flat (apartment) apartamento
flat (even surface) plata, -o
flat (level) plana, -o
flavor (US) saporo
flavour saporo
flesh karno
float flotacar (intr.), -igar
flood inundar, -o
floor (of a room) planko-sulo
floor (storey) etajo
flour farino
flow fluar, -o
flower floro, -ifar
fluctuate fluktuar
fluid fluida, -o
fly (v.) flugar (intr.)
fog nebulo
fold (n.) faldo, -uro
fold (v.) faldar (tr.), -esar
follow sequar
food manjajo, nutrivo
fool (n.) stulto
foolish stulta; absurda; naiva
foot (of a leg) pedo
football (game) futbalo
for (in order to, on behalf of) por
forbid interdiktar
force (mechanical) forco
forehead fronto
foreign stranjera, exterlanda
forest foresto
forget obliviar
forgive pardonar
fork (pitchfork) forko
fork (table) forketo
form (compose) konstitucar
form (shape) (n.) formo
form (shape) (v.) formacar
former antea
forward (adj.) avana
foundation (base) fundamento
four quar
fragile frajila
France Francia
free (of cost) gratuita, -e
free (unconstrained) libera
freeze frostar (intr.), -igar
French franca
frequent ofta
fresh fresha
Friday venerdio
friend amiko
frighten (scare) pavorigar
frighten (terrify) terorigar
frivolous frivola
from (out of) ek
from (starting from) de
front of, in avan
front (adj.) avana; (fig.) frontala
front (fore part) avano; (fig.) fronto
fruit frukto
fry fritar (tr./intr.)
full plena
fun amuzo
funny drola
furious furioza
furniture, piece of moblo
futile vana
future futuro
G
gain ganar, -o
game (play) ludo, -ajo
garden gardeno
gas gaso
gate pordo (en fenco o muro)
gather (collect) kolektar
gay (merry) gaya
general (adj.) generala
generous jeneroza
gentle *milda, lejera, dolca
German germana, -o
Germany Germania
get (acquire) aquirar
get (fetch) querar
gift donaco, -ajo
girl puerino
give donar
give in (yield) cedar
glad joyoza
glass (material) vitro
glass (tumbler) glaso
go (v.) irar
god deo
gold oro
good bona, -eso
goods vari, komercaji
govern guvernar
grade grado, -izar
grandfather avulo
grandmother avino
grandparent avo
grass (plant) herbo
grateful gratitudema
gratitude gratitudo
gray (US) griza
great (big) granda
Greece Grekia
Greek greka, -o
green verda
greet salutar
grey griza
ground (earth) tero
group grupo
grow (larger) kreskar (intr.), -igar
guard (in general) gardar, -o, -isto
guess divinar, -o
guest gasto
guide guidar, -anto
guilty kulpanta, kulpoza
gun (firearm) pafilo
H
hair (of head) haro, -aro
half duimo, -a, -e
hall (large room) halo
halt haltar, -o, -igar, -eyo
hamper impedar
hand (n.) manuo
hang pendar (tr./intr.), -igar
happen eventar
happy felica
harbor (US) portuo
harbour portuo
hard (not easy) desfacila
hard (not soft) harda
hat chapelo
have havar
he il, ilu
head (of body) kapo
healthy sana
heap amaso, -igar
hear audar
heart kordio
heat (v.) varmigar
heat (warmth) varmeso
heaven cielo
heavy grava, pezoza
heed egardar
help helpar, -o
her el(u), elua, ad el(u)
herd trupo
here hike
hers elua
herself (pron.) su
hesitate hezitar
hide (v.) celar (tr.), celar su
high alta, -e
hill kolino
him il(u), ad il(u)
himself (pron.) su
hinder (hamper) impedar
hire (engage) engajar (ulu)
hire (hire out) lugar
hire (take on hire) lokacar (ulo de ulu)
his ilua
history historio
hit frapar, -o
hit (collide with) shokar
hobby hobio
hold tenar, -o
hold (contain) kontenar
hole truo
holiday vakanco
hollow (cavity) kava, -o, -ajo
home hemo
honest honesta
honor (US) honoro, -izar
honour honoro, -izar
hook hoko
hope esperar, -o
horse kavalo
hospital hospitalo
hot varmega
hotel hotelo
hour (60 minutes) horo
house domo
how quale
how many quanta
how much quanta
however (conj.) tamen
human homo, -a, -ala
humble humila
humor (US) (temper, mood) humoro
humor (US) (wit) humuro
humour (temper, mood) humoro
humour (wit) humuro
hundred cent
Hungary Hungaria
hunger hungrar, -o
hurry hastar (intr.), -o
hurt (be in pain) dolorar
husband spozulo
I
I me
ice glacio
ice-cream krem-glaciajo
idea ideo
if se
ignore ignorar
ill (unwell) malada
imagine imaginar
imitate imitar
immediately quik
impede impedar
important importanta
in en
in front of avan
in order that por ke
in spite of malgre
incite incitar
incline inklinar (tr./intr.)
include inkluzar
income revenuo
increase augmentar (tr./intr.), -o
indeed ya
India India
industry industrio
infant infanteto
influence influar, -o
inform informar
inn albergo
inner interna
insect insekto
insert insertar
inside (adj./adv.) interna, -e
inside (prep.) en, interne di
insist insistar (intr.)
inspect inspektar
instant (n.) instanto
instead of vice
instruct (teach) instruktar (ulu)
instrument instrumento
insult insultar, -o
intelligent inteligenta
intend intencar (tr.)
interest interesar, -o
interested in interesata pri
international internaciona
into aden
introduce introduktar
invent inventar
invite invitar
invoice fakturo
Ireland Irlando
iron (metal) fero
is esas, es
island insulo
it ol, olu
Italy Italia
it's ol es
its olua
itself (pron.) su
J
jacket (man's) vestono
January januaro
Japan Japonia
jar jaro
jealous jaluza
jewel juvelo
join (place in contact) juntar, -uro
joke jokar, -o
journey voyajo
joy joyo
judge (general sense) judikar, -anto
juice suko
July julio
jump saltar (intr.), -o
June junio
just (fair) yusta
just (just now) jus
K
keep (retain) retenar
key (of lock, etc) klefo
kill mortigar
kill (slay, murder) ocidar
kind (adj.) benigna
kind (sort) sorto
kiss kisar, -o
knee genuo
kneel genu-pozar
knife kultelo
knock frapar, -o
knot (in cord, etc) nodo, -ifar, -igar
know (be acquainted with) konocar
know (by learning) savar
knowledge savo, -ajo
Korea Korea
L
labour laborar, -o
lack (be in want of) indijar (tr.)
lack (be wanting) mankar (intr.), -o
lake lago
lamp lampo
land (country) lando
land (ground) tero
language (tongue) linguo
large granda
last (endure) durar
last (in time or space) lasta
late tarda, -e
laugh ridar, -o
law (a law) lego
lazy indolenta
lead (bring along) duktar
lead (guide) guidar
leaf (of plant or book) folio
lean (incline) inklinar (tr./intr.)
leap saltar (intr.), -o
learn (commit to memory) lernar
least (adj.) minim multa; minim importanta
least (before an adjective) minim
leather ledro
leave (behind) livar
leave (depart) departar
leave (in a certain state) livar
left (opposite of right) sinistra, -o
leg gambo
lend prestar (ulo ad ulu)
less (adj.) min multa
less (before an adjective) min
lessen diminutar (tr./intr.)
lesson leciono
let in (admit) admisar, lasar enirar
let (allow) lasar
letter (correspondence) letro
letter (of alphabet) litero
level (flat) plana, -igar
library biblioteko
lie (be situated) situesar
lie (on something) jacar
lie (tell an untruth) mentiar, -o
life vivo
lift (lift up) levar, -o
light (a lamp, fire, etc) acendar
light (illumination) lumo
light (in weight or force) lejera
like (in the manner of) quale (e.g., she sings like a bird = el kantas quale ucelo)
like (similar to) quala (e.g., a cat like Tom = kato quala Tom)
like (v.) prizar
limit limito, -izar
line lineo
liquid liquida, -o
list listo, (en)listigar
listen, listen to askoltar
little (small quantity of) poka
little (small) mikra
live in (inhabit) habitar (tr.)
live (be alive) vivar
live (dwell) rezidar
lock (for security) seruro
lodge (live somewhere temporarily) lojar
long longa, -e
look after sorgar
look, look at regardar (tr.)
lorry kamiono
lose perdar
loud (of voice, sound) lauta
love amar, -o
low basa
luck (chance) hazardo
luck (good luck) fortuno
lucky fortunoza
luggage bagajo
lunch dejunar, -o
M
machine mashino
mad (angry) iracoza
mad (crazy) fola
madam siorino
mail posto, -aji, -ala
mail (US) (v.) enpostigar
main precipua
make (something) facar
make (cause to be) igar
make (compel) koaktar
make (do) facar
male maskula, -o; (suffix) -ulo
man (human) homo
man (male adult) viro
manage (administer) administrar
manage (control) direktar
manner maniero
manufacture fabrikar
many multa
map (n.) mapo
March marto
march marchar, -o, -ado, -igar
mark (token or stamp) marko
market merkato
marry (others) mariajar
marry (someone) mariajesar kun
mass (body of matter) maso
mass (large quantity) amaso
material materio, -ala
matter (material) materio
matter (v.) importar
May mayo
may (adv.) forsan
may (v.) darfas
maybe forsan
me me
meal repasto
mean (signify) signifikar
meaning senco, signifiko
means moyeno
meanwhile dume
measure mezurar, -ilo
meat karno
medicine (for illness) medikamento
medicine (science, profession) medicino
meet renkontrar
meet (come together) kunvenar
meeting renkontro; kunveno
melt fuzar, -esar
member membro; (suffix) -ano
memory memoro, -ajo, -habileso
mend reparar (tr.), -o
mention mencionar, -o
merry gaya, joyoza
message mesajo, komunikajo
metal metalo
meter (US) (measure; poetic) metro
method metodo
metre (measure; poetic) metro
middle meza, -o
mile milio
milk (n.) lakto
million miliono
mind (n.) mento
minus minus
minute (of time or angle) minuto
mirror spegulo
mis- mis- (e.g., misaudar, misuzo)
miss, Miss (n.) damzelo, Dlo
mistake (error) eroro
mister siorulo
misunderstand miskomprenar
mix (n.) mixo, -uro
mix (v.) mixar, -esar
mixture mixo, -uro
modern moderna
modest modesta
moment (of time) instanto
Monday lundio
money pekunio
month monato
mood humoro
moon luno
more (adj.) plu multa
more (before an adjective) plu
morning matino
most (adj.) maxim multa
most (before an adjective) maxim
mother matro
motor motoro
motorcar automobilo
mountain monto
mouth (also fig.) boko
move movar (tr./intr.), -o
much multa, -e
mud fango
murder ocidar, -o
music muziko
must (as an obligation) devas
must (from necessity) mustas
my mea
N
nail (metal) klovo, -agar
naive naiva
name (n.) nomo
narrate naracar
narrative naraco
narrow streta
nation naciono
nature naturo
nature (character) karaktero
near proxim, -e
nearly preske
necessary necesa
neck kolo
need bezonar, -o
neglect neglijar, -o
neighbor (US) vicino
neighbour vicino
neither ... nor nek ... nek
Netherlands Nederlando
never nultempe
new nova
New Zealand Nov-Zelando
newspaper jurnalo
next sequanta, apuda, venonta, *nexta
night nokto
nine non
no (before a noun) nula
no (not) ne
no (opposite of yes) no
no-one nulu
nobody nulu
noise bruiso
none (nobody) nulu
none (nothing) nulo
nor nek
normal normala
north nordo, -ala
Norway Norvegia
nose nazo
not ne
note notar, -o
nothing nulo
notice (v.) remarkar
noun substantivo
November novembro
now nun
nowhere nulaloke, en nula loko
nuance nuanco
number (for identification) numero (e.g., numero di domo, di klefo)
number (quantity) nombro (e.g., la nombro di personi esas 18)
nurse flegar, -isto
nylon nilono
O
o'clock kloko, -i
obey obediar
object to (v.) objecionar
object (n.) objekto
objection objeciono
observe observar
obstacle obstaklo
obtain obtenar
occasion okaziono
occupy okupar
October oktobro
odd (strange) stranja
odor (US) odoro
odour odoro
of (concerning) pri
of (origin, derivation, quantity) de
of (out of, made of) ek
of (possession or association) di
off (from) de
offer ofrar, -o, -ajo
office (business place) kontoro
office (function, duty) ofico
officer (commanding) oficiro
official (adj.) oficala
official (n.) oficisto, -ero
often ofte
oil oleo, -izar
old (not new) anciena
old (not young) olda
omit omisar
on account of pro
on top supre
on (at the time of) lor (e.g., lor vua lasta vizito)
on (concerning) pri
on (misc. meanings) ye
on (upon) sur
once (one time) unfoye
one (1) un
one (pronoun) on, onu
onion onyono
only (adj.) nura
only (prep.) nur
onto ad sur
open apertar (tr.), -ita
opinion opiniono
oppose opozar
or od, o
order (command) imperar, -o
order (goods etc) komendar, -o
ordinary ordinara
organise organizar
other altra, -o, -u
ought devas (e.g., hodie ni devas studiar)
our(s) nia
out of ek
outside exter, -a, -e, -ajo
oven forno
over (above) super, -e
over (across) trans
over (during) dum
over (finished) finita
overcoat surtuto
owe debar
own (adj.) propra
own (possess) proprietar
own, his/ her/ its/ their sua
P
packet paketo
page (of a book, etc) pagino
pain doloro, -izar
paint (coat with paint, etc) indutar; farbizar
paint (n.) farbo
paint (pictures) piktar
pair paro
pale (adj.) pala
pants (US) pantalono
paper papero
parcel (package) pako
pardon pardonar, -o
parent genitoro
park (n.) parko
part (not all) parto
particular (specific) partikulara
pass pasar, -o, -igar
passable (fair) pasabla
patience pacienteso
patient (adj.) pacienta
patient (n.) kuracato
pause pauzar, -o
pay pagar (ulu, ulo), -ajo
peace paco
pen plumo
pencil krayono
people (a people) populo
people (persons) personi
perfect perfekta, -igar
perhaps forsan
period periodo
permanent permananta
permit permisar; permiso-dokumento
person persono
persuade persuadar
photograph fotografar, -uro
physician mediko
picture imajo
piece peco
pig porko
pipe (tube) tubo
pit (hole in ground) foso
pity kompatar, -o
place (locality) loko
place (put) pozar
place (space for one to occupy) plaso
plan (of action) projeto, programo
plan (v.) projetar
plane (flat surface) plano
plant (botanical) planto
plant (set to grow) plantacar
plate (dish) plado
play (an instrument, a role) plear
play (game, sport) ludar (per), -o
please (adv.) bonvole, voluntez, me pregas, *pliz
please (v.) plezar
pleasure plezuro
pluck (fruits, flowers, etc) koliar
plus plus
pocket posho
pocket book (US) burso
point (dot, etc) punto
poison (n.) veneno
Poland Polonia
pole (of wood, etc) stango
Pole polono
Polish polona
policeman policisto
policing polico
polite polita
poor (needy) povra, povri
poor (not good) ne-bona
poor (pitiable) kompatinda
popular populara
port (sea or air) portuo
Portugal Portugal
position (place) loko, situeso
possess posedar
possible posibla
post (postal service) posto
postage stamp postmarko
pot poto
potato terpomo
pour (pour out) varsar (tr.)
powder (dust) polvo
practice praktiko
practice (US) praktikar, -o
practise praktikar
praise laudar, -o
pray pregar
precise preciza
prefer preferar
prepare preparar
present (adj.) prezenta, nuna
present (gift) donacajo
present (v.) prizentar
press (apply pressure) presar
pretend (make it seem) sembligar
prevent (forestall) preventar
previous antea
price preco
pride (self-respect) fiereso
print imprimar, -uro
private (adj.) privata
probable probabla
problem problemo
produce produktar, -uro
profession (occupational) profesiono
profit (n.) profito
progress progresar, -o
prohibit interdiktar
promise promisar (ulo, o facar ulo), -o
prompt (adj.) quika, rapida
proof (n.) pruvo
proportion proporciono
proposal propozo
propose propozar
protect protektar
proud fiera
prove pruvar
provide (someone with something) provizar (ulu per ulo)
prudent prudenta
public publika, -o
publish (a book, etc) editar
puddle flako
pull tirar, -o
punish punisar
pure pura
purpose skopo
purse burso
push pulsar, -o
put pozar
puzzle (riddle or problem) enigmato
Q
quantity quanto, -eso
quarrel disputar (intr.), -o
question questionar, -o
quick rapida
quiet (tranquil) tranquila
R
rain pluvar, -o
raise (lift) levar
rapid rapida
rare rara
ratio proporciono
raw (untreated) kruda
reach (attain) atingar (tr.), -o; atingo-disto
read lektar
ready pronta
real reala
reason (motive) motivo
receive recevar
recent recenta
recommend (commend) rekomendar
red reda
reflect (all senses) reflektar (tr./intr.)
refuse (v.) refuzar
region regiono
register (n.) registro
regret regretar, -o
relate to relatar, -igar
remarkable remarkinda
remember memorar
rent (from someone) lokacar
repair reparar, -o, -uro
repeat (an action) iterar, -o, -esar
repeat (say again) repetar, -o
replace (A with B) remplasigar (A per B)
replace (put back in place) ri-pozar
replace (take the place of) remplasar
reply respondar, -o, -izar
request demandar, -o
reside rezidar
resign (give up tenure) demisionar (de)
resist rezistar
respect respektar, -o
rest (remain) restar, -ajo
rest (repose) repozar, -o
restrain (hold back) represar
result rezultar, -o, -ajo
return (come back) retrovenar
return (give back) retrodonar
return (go back) retroirar
revenue revenuo
rice rizo
rich richa
ride (horse, etc) kavalkar, -o
right (correct) korekta, -e
right (legal or moral) yuro
right (not left) dextra, -e, -o
right (proper) justa, -e
right (suitable) apta, -e
ripe matura
rise (ascend) acensar, -o
rise (increase) augmentar
rise (lift) levo, levesar, levar su
river rivero
river (large) fluvio
road voyo
rob spoliar
rock (boulder) roko
role, rôle rolo
roll (along) rular (tr./intr.), -o
roof tekto
room chambro
room (space) spaco
rope kordo
rough (basic) ruda
round ronda, -o
row (line) rango, serio
rub frotar
rubbish (refuse) eskombro
rule (to follow) regulo
run (on foot) kurar, -o
rush (hurry) hastar, -o
Russia Rusia
Russian rusa, -o
S
sack sako
sad trista
safe (secure) sekura
safe (without danger) sen-danjera
salad salado
salary salario
same sama
sand sablo
sandwich sandwicho
satisfy (fulfil) satisfacar
Saturday saturdio
save (from danger) salvar
say dicar
scarcely apene, apen
scare pavorigar, -o
scatter dispersar, -esar
scheme (plan of action) projeto
school skolo
science cienco
Scot skoto
Scotland Skotia
Scottish skota
scrape (off) skrapar
scream (cry out) kriar, -o
sea maro
search, search for serchar (tr.), -o
season (n.) sezono
seat (for sitting on) sidilo
second (2nd) duesma
second (of time or angle) sekundo
secret sekreta, -ajo
see (with eyes) vidar
seek serchar
seem semblar, aspektar
seize sizar
seldom rare
select selektar
sell vendar
semi- (prefix) mi- (e.g., mi-cirklo)
send sendar
sentence (gram.) frazo
sentiment (mental feeling) sentimento
separate (adj.) aparta
separate (v.) separar, -esar, dividar, apartigar
September septembro
series serio
serious (grave) grava
serious (not trivial) serioza
serve (be of service to) servar
seven sep
several plura, -i
severe severa
shade ombro
shadow ombro
shake (tremble) tremar
shame (emotion) shamo
shame (v.) shamo, -igar
shape (form) formo; formacar
sharp (keen-edged) akuta
she el, elu
sheep mutono, -i
shine brilar
ship (n.) navo
shirt kamizo
shock (mental or physical) shokar, -o
shoe shuo
shoot (with a firearm) pafar (ad)
shop butiko
shore rivo
short (not long) kurta
shoulder shultro
shout klamar, -o
show montrar, -o
show (indicate) indikar
shut klozar, -esar
sick (ill) malada
side (geometrical) latero, -ala
side (not front or back) flanko
sign signo
silk silko
silver arjento, -a, -ea
similar simila
simple simpla
since (because) pro ke, nam
since (from the time of) de pos (prep.), pose (adv.)
sincere sincera
sing kantar
sink (v.) sinkar (tr./intr.)
sister fratino
sit (be sitting) sidar
sit (sit down) sideskar
site situar, -eyo
sitting room salono
situation situeso
six sis
size grandeso
skin (on a person or animal) pelo
skirt (garment) jupo
sky cielo
sleep dormar, -o
slide glitar, -eyo
slip glitar, -o
slow lenta, -igar
small mikra, -e
smell (have a scent) odorar (intr.), -o
smell (use sense of smell) flarar (tr.)
smile ridetar, -o
smoke fumar (tr./intr.), -o, -uro
smooth (to the touch) glata, -igar
snow nivar, -(ur)o
so (to such an extent) tante
society (association) societo
society (community) socio
sock kalzeto
soft (not hard) mola
soil (n.) sulo
soldier soldato
solid solida, -o
solve solvar
some (indeterminate) ula
some (vague amount) kelka, -o
somebody ulu
someone ulu
something ulo
somewhere ulaloke
son filiulo
song kansono
soon balde
sort (kind) sorto
sound sonar, -o, -igar
soup supo
south sudo, -ala
sow (v.) semar
space (expanse) spaco
Spain Hispania
Spaniard hispano
Spanish hispana
speak parolar
special (particular) partikulara
spend (pay out) spensar
sphere sfero
splendid splendida
split fendar (tr.)
spoon kuliero
sport sporto
spot (place) loko
spouse spozo
spread (apply) indutar
spread (disperse) difuzar (tr.), -esar, -o
spring (season) printempo
square (open public place) placo
square (shape; product) quadrata, -o
squash (v.) aplastar (tr.)
squeeze kompresar, -o
stair grado
staircase eskalero
stamp (for postage) postmarko, -izar
stand up staceskar
stand (be upright) stacar
star (all senses) stelo
start komencar (tr./intr.), -o
state (condition) stando
state (political) stato
station (railway) staciono
stay (remain) restar, -o
steal furtar
steam vaporo, -ifar, -izar
steel stalo, -a
steep (adj.) eskarpa
step (of stairs) grado
step (take a pace) pazar, -o
stern (adj.) severa
stick (of wood, etc) bastono
stick (paste (together)) (kun-)glutinar (tr./intr.)
stiff (rigid) rigida
still (yet) ankore, ankor
stipulate stipular (tr.)
stocking kalzo
stone (material) petro
stone (pebble) stono
stop (cease) cesar, -o
stop (stop moving) haltar (intr.), -o, -igar
storm (with thunder and lightning) sturmo
story (imaginary) rakonto
story (narrative) naraco
straight (not curved) rekta, -e, -o
strain (pull tight) tensar, -o
strange stranja
stream (river) rivero, -eto
street strado
stress (emphasise) emfazar, -o
stretch (extend) extensar (tr.), -o
stretch (strain) tensar (tr.)
strike (collide with) shokar
strike (hit) frapar, -o
strip (n.) bendo
strive (endeavour) esforcar
stroke (written mark) streko
stroll (walk) promenar, -o
strong forta
struggle (contend) luktar, -o
student ((university, etc) studento
student (in general) studianto
study studiar, -(ad)o, -eyo
subject subjekto
subject (topic) temo
subscribe to (a periodical, etc) abonar
succeed (be successful) sucesar
success suceso, -ero
such as quala, -e
such (of such a kind) tala
such (so great or much) tanta, -e
suck, suck on sugar
sudden subita
suffer sufrar (de, pro)
suffice suficar
sugar sukro
suggest sugestar
suitable apta, konvenanta
summer somero, -ala
summit somito
sun suno
Sunday sundio
supply (someone) provizar
supply (something) furnisar
support (prop up) apogar, -o
suppose supozar (tr.)
sure (certain) certa, sen dubito
surface surfaco
surprise (astonish) astonar, -o
surprise (take unawares) surprizar, -o
surround cirkondar
suspect suspektar, -ito
swallow (gulp) glutar, -o
Swede suedo
Sweden Suedia
Swedish sueda
sweet dolca, -ajo
sweet (confectionery) bonbono
swim natar, -(ad)o
Swiss suisa, -o
Switzerland Suisia
T
table (furniture) tablo
tail kaudo
take prenar
take care of sorgar
take (carry) portar
take (lead) duktar
tale (imaginary) rakonto
talk (speak) parolar, -ado
tall alta, longa
tap (valve) robineto
task tasko
taste (have a flavour) saporar (intr.), -o
taste (sense the taste of) gustar (tr.)
tea teo
teach (someone) instruktar (ulu)
teach (something) docar (ulo, ad ulu)
tear (from eye) lakrimo
tear (rend) lacerar (tr.), -esar, -uro
tell (say) dicar (ulo, ad ulu)
tempt tentar
ten dek
terror teroro, -ajo, -igo
text texto
than kam
thank dankar
thank you danko, me/ni dankas
that (adj.) ita, ta
that (conj.) ke
that (of that kind) tala
that (pron.) ito, to
that (who, which) qua, quo, qui
the la
their(s) lia
them li
themselves (pron.) su
then (after that) pose
then (at that time) lore
there (at that place) ibe
thereafter pose, pos ta tempo
therefore do, konseque
these (adj.) ica, ca
these (pron.) ici, ci
they li, (ili, eli, oli)
thick (dense) densa
thick (fat) grosa
thick (not thin) dika
thin (not thick) dina, -igar, -eskar
thing kozo, (suffix) -ajo
think pensar
thirst durstar, -o
this (adj.) ica, ca
this (pron.) ico, co
those (adj.) ita, ta
those (pron.) iti, ti
thought penso, -ajo
thousand mil
thread filo, -izar
three tri
through tra
through (by means of) per
through (during) dum
throw jetar
thunder tondrar, -o
Thursday jovdio
ticket (for entrance, etc) bilieto
tie (fasten) ligar, -o, -ilo
tight (taut) tensita, deslaxa
time tempo
time (occasion) foyo (e.g., the first time = la unesma foyo)
tire (v.) fatigar (tr.), -esar
tired fatigita
title (of a book, article, person, etc) titulo
to (a destination) ad, a
to (in order to) por (+ infinitivo)
to (until) til
today hodie
together kune
tolerate tolerar
tomato tomato
tomorrow morge, -o
tongue lango
too (+ adj.) tro
too (also) anke
tool utensilo
tooth dento
top supra, -o, -ajo
topic temo
total (adj.) tota
touch tushar, -o
tour (n.) turo
tour (v.) facar turo
towards (in the direction of) vers
town urbo
toy ludilo
trade (craft) mestiero
trade (deal) komercar (intr.), -o
train (railway) treno
translate tradukar
transport transportar, -o
trap kaptar, -ilo
travel voyajar, -o
treat (behave toward or deal with) traktar
treat (medically) kuracar
tree arboro
tremble tremar, -o
trouble (disturb) trublar, -o
trousers pantalono
truck (lorry) kamiono
true (not false) vera
trust fidar (ad), -o
tube tubo
Tuesday mardio
Turk turko
Turkey Turkia
Turkish turka
turn, turn around turnar (tr./intr.), -o
twist tordar (tr.), -o, -uro
two du
type (n., all senses) tipo
U
ugly leda
uncle onklulo
under (prep.) sub
underneath (prep.) sub
understand komprenar
unite unionar (tr.), -esar
unless ecepte ke, sen ke
until (conj.) til ke
until (prep.) til
unwell malada
upon sur
urgent urjanta
us ni
USA Usa
use uzar, -o
useful utila
V
vain (as in vanity) vanitatoza
vain (futile) vana
vain, in vane
valid valida
valley valo
valuable (adj.) valoroza
valuable (n.) valorajo
value (n.) valoro
vanity (conceit) vanitato
vanity (futility) vaneso
various diversa
vary variar (tr./intr.)
vast vasta
vegetable (n.) legumo
vehicle veturo, vehilo
verb verbo
very much tre multe, (suffix) -eg-
very (adv.) tre
village vilajo
violence violento
violent violentoza, -ema
visit vizitar, -o
voice (n.) voco
voyage voyajar, -o
W
wage(s) pagajo, salario
wait vartar (tr.), -o
wake (awaken) vekar (intr.), -igar
Wales Wals
walk marchar, -o
wall muro
wallet burso
want dezirar, -o, -ajo
want to volar (tr.)
war milito
warm varma, -igar
warn avertar
wash lavar (tr.), -o
wash (oneself) lavar su
waste (squander) disipar, -o, -ajo
water (n.) aquo
wave (undulation) ondo
way (route) voyo
we ni
weak febla
weapon armo
wear (clothes, etc) portar, *werar
weary (tire) fatigar, -ita
weather vetero
Wednesday merkurdio
week semano
weep plorar
weigh (have weight of) pezar (intr.)
weight pezo, -ajo
welcome (n.) acepto kordiala, bonveno
welcome (v.) aceptar kordiale, bonvenigar
well (adv. of good) bone
well (healthy) sana
Welsh walsana
west westo, -ala
wet humida, -eso, -igar, ne-sika
what qua, quo
what kind of quala
what sort of quala
what (that which) to quo, ta qua
wheel (n.) roto
when kande, kand
whenever irgakande
where ube
wherever irgube
whether ka, kad
which (plural) qui
which (sing.) qua
which (thing) quo
whichever irge qua
while (although) quankam
while (conj.) dum ke
white blanka, -o, -ajo, -eso
who (plural) qui
who (sing.) qua
whole tota, -o
wholly (entirely) tote, komplete
wholly (without exception) sen ecepto
whom quan, quin
whose di qua, di quo, di qui
why pro quo
wide (not narrow) larja
width larjeso
wife spozino
wild (in its natural state) sovaja
will (want to) volar (tr.), -o
win (gain victory) vinkar
win (gain) ganar, -o
wind (n.) vento
window fenestro
wing (also fig.) alo
winter vintro, -ala
wire metal-filo; metal-kordo
wise saja
wish dezirar, -o, -ajo
with (by means of) per (e.g., skribar per plumo)
with (in the company of) kun
without sen
woman muliero
wood (material) ligno
wood (trees) bosko
wool lano
word vorto
work laborar (intr.), -igar, -o, -ajo
work (function) funcionar
work (literary, artistic, etc) verko
world mondo, -ala
worse plu mala, -e
worst maxim mala, -e
worth valoro
worth, be valorar (tr.)
wound vundar, -uro
wrestle luktar (intr.), -o
write skribar
wrong (not right) ne-justa, -e
XYZ
year yaro
yellow flava
yes yes
yesterday hiere
yet (already) ja
yet (still) ankore
yet (until now) til nun
you (familiar form) tu
you (plural) vi
you (sing.) vu
young (adj.) yuna
your(s) (familiar form) tua
your(s) (plural) via
your(s) (sing.) vua